DNA fingerprinting by sharada avadhanam

Significance of DNA
DNA is the genetic material and the carrier of genetic traits.
A part of the DNA of various individuals is the same.
But another part differs from individual to individual
except in the case of identical twins.
Pioneers:
Alec Jeffreys , in 1985 ; Lalji Singh in 1988
Showed genetic Bar Code
following simple law of heredity,
a child inherits one half of the bands from mother & rest from father.
What Is DNA?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the fundamental building block for an individual's entire genetic makeup.
Further, a person's DNA is the same in every cell. DNA in blood is the same as in skin cells, semen, and saliva.

DNA fingerprinting
Of unrelated individuals are different
Related individuals show a higher coefficient of similarity
Each of the bands of a child
Must match
With a band either in the father’s or mother’s DNA


The technique of DNA finger printing
fool proof method
identity
parentage.
identity
child belongs to parents ?
the identity of individual ?
bone belong to a disappeared person , murdered years ago ?
blood or semen stains, from site of murder or rape, belong to suspect, or is he innocent.
Applications:
in pedigree analysis and
establishing paternity.
In establishing family relationship for immigration authorities.
In rape cases,
a few hair roots or a small sample of blood, buccal smear, semen spits or skin tissue
sufficient to obtain genetic finger printing.
compare with suspect to confirm the rape charge beyond any doubt.

investigating rape cases
collect and analyze
the DNA of the victim's recent consensual partners to eliminate them as potential contributors of DNA suspected to be from the perpetrator.
If this is necessary, it is important to approach the victim with extreme sensitivity and provide a full explanation of why the request is being made.

Blood stains stored under favourable conditions
have been successfully analysed upto three years and seminal stains upto four years after collection.
It is possible to separate the DNA of male origin when semen is mixed with vaginal secretions.
Vaginal swab taken upto 20 hours after intercourse can be used to isolate DNA from sperm.
The identification of mutilated dead bodies
from their tissue remnants can be established with the help of DNA finger printing of close relatives.
In social security record identification.
DNA testing
In burglaries,
evidence consists of
blood found at sites of forced entry.
Saliva, skin cells,
bone, teeth, tissue,
urine, feces
Saliva
chewing gum
cigarette butts, envelopes,
drinking cups
Fingernail scrapings useful
DNA testing of urine -in illegal drug cases
In solving murder cases
blood swabs from the murder weapon used and found in the possession of the accused or
blood spots on the accused clothes
The two DNAFP should be identical.
DNA collected from a crime scene
can either link a suspect to the evidence or
eliminate a suspect
identify a victim through DNA from relatives, even when no body can be found.
when evidence from one crime scene is compared with evidence from another, those crime scenes can be linked to
the same perpetrator
locally, statewide, and across the Nation
Forensically valuable DNA
can be found on evidence that is decades old.
several factors can affect the DNA left at a crime scene,
including environmental factors (e.g., heat, sunlight, moisture, bacteria, and fungus).
not all DNA evidence will result in a usable DNA profile.
Where can DNA evidence be found
One murder was solved when the suspect's DNA, taken from saliva in a dental impression mold, matched the DNA swabbed from a bite mark on the victim.
A masked rapist was convicted of forced oral copulation when his victim's DNA matched DNA swabbed from the suspect's penis 6 hours after the offense.
Numerous cases have been solved by DNA analysis of saliva on cigarette butts, postage stamps, and the area around the mouth opening on masks.
DNA analysis of a single hair (with root) found deep in the victim's throat provided a critical piece of evidence used in a capital murder conviction.
Contamination
DNA evidence can be contaminated when
DNA from another source gets mixed with DNA relevant to the case.
someone sneezes or coughs over the evidence or
Touches his/her mouth, nose, or other part of the face and then
touches the area that may contain the DNA to be tested.
To avoid contamination - precautions:
Wear gloves. Change them often.
Use disposable instruments or clean them thoroughly before and after handling each sample.
Avoid touching the area where you believe DNA may exist.
Avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing over evidence.
Avoid touching your face, nose, and mouth when collecting and packaging evidence.
Air-dry evidence thoroughly before packaging.
Put evidence into new paper bags or envelopes, not into plastic bags.
Do not use staples.
Transportation and storage
keep the evidence dry and at room temperature.
Once the evidence has been secured in paper bags or envelopes,
it should be sealed, labeled, and transported in a way that ensures
proper identification of where it was found and proper chain of custody.
Never place evidence that may contain DNA in plastic bags because plastic bags will retain damaging moisture.
Direct sunlight and warmer conditions also may be harmful to DNA,
so avoid keeping evidence in places that may get hot, such as a room or police car without air conditioning.
For storage over long-term , contact FSL
Elimination samples
elimination samples to determine whether the evidence comes from the suspect or from someone else.
An officer must think ahead to the time of trial and possible defenses while still at the crime scene.
For example, in the case of a residential burglary where the suspect may have drunk a glass of water at the crime scene,
an officer should identify appropriate people, such as household members, for future elimination sample testing.
Elimination samples
These samples may be needed for comparison with the saliva found on the glass to determine whether the saliva is valuable evidence.
In homicide cases, be sure to collect the victim's DNA from the medical examiner at the autopsy, even if the body is badly decomposed.
This may serve to identify an unknown victim or distinguish between the victim's DNA and other DNA found at the crime scene.

COmbined Dna Index System--CODIS
an electronic database of DNA profiles that can identify suspects, is similar to the AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) database.
States to implement a DNA index of individuals convicted of rape, murder, and child abuse.
Upon conviction and sample analysis, perpetrators' DNA profiles are entered into the DNA database.
Just as fingerprints , DNA profiles from a crime scene can be entered into CODIS.
Therefore, police have the ability to identify possible suspects when no prior suspect existed.



Blood Collection packing procedure
Furniture immovable items:Murder assault burglary dacoity
Scrap using knife into clean dry polythene bag
Swab with sterile gauze wet with saline.
each separately.
Send Unused gauze as control
Photograph / sketch the stain in situ

Liquid blood in paternity maternity disputes
10ml of blood sample to be collected in case of adults.2-5ml in case of children. In sterile vial. Pinch of EDTA to preserve. Store and transport in thermos containing ice.
Semen in rape cases
Clothes to air dried and packed in dry poly cover and seal. Don’t fold crush the stain.
Swabs to be air dried and put in glass vial and seal
From immovable articles- collect with gauze in saline- air dry pack in dry poly bag and seal
Vaginal swabs be air dried and packed in vial and seal.
Saliva in murder assault rape
Stained material to be collected using gauze cloth wet with saline. Air dry and pack in poly bag and seal.
Cigarette buds, beedi buds – dry and pack in poly cover and seal
Tissues in murder, accident, unidentified bodies, mass disasters
Muscle tissue at crime scene be collected in glass bottle, add 20% dimethyl sulphoxide with sodium chloride
In decomposed dead body- muscle tissue close to the femur or humerus should be dissected.100 gms to be sent in clean glass bottle. add 20% dimethyl sulphoxide with sodium chloride

Bones in murder accidents unidentified bodies mass disasters
Whole bones femur, humerus, rib bones to be collected and packed in dry poly bags and seal. Or keep in aluminium foil and freeze. Seal.
Teeth with jaws to be packed in dry poly cover and seal.

Hair in murder accident rape
Hair with roots to be dried and packed in dry poly cover and seal.
Fingernail clippings in murder and rape to be sent in clean dry injection bottle and seal.
Viscera: intestine spleen heart - avoid liver
in murder accident unidentified bodies and mass disasters
To be preserved in clean dry glass bottle. Add 20% dimethyl sulphoxide with sodium chloride and seal.

Poly covers
Self locking poly covers preferred or they be hot sealed.
Label all samples clearly
Use clean gloves to handle the garments or any other biological specimens as you may shed your own cells from the skin and contaminate the samples.




Declaration form
Declaration of the person from whom the sample is collected for DNA finger printing:
I, ………………………………………………., hereby certify that the blood given to FSL for DNA fingerprints, is mine and I did not receive a blood transfusion within last three months.
(Signature of donor or guardian)
Certificate:
Certified that the ………………………………., was collected in the presence of the following witnesses:
Name & Signature
Name & Signature
[ for office use ] FSL file no……………………………………


CASE STUDIES:


DNA tests help girl reunite with parents:
With regard to the real parents of 13-year-od girl chandrakala, who was traced eight years after she had gone missing, DNA tests confirm her real parents as parvathaluand yellamma of venkatampalli in Mahaboobnagar district.
Parvathalu with five-year old chandrakala and yellamma came to the city for a function,
and on the same day chndrakala was found missing and a complaint was duly lodged with the police.
Eight years later, they chanced to see chandrakala with a couple, prameela and yadagiri as her parents.
When parvathalu approached the police, chandrakala’s blood samples land those of the two couples were collected for DNA tests.
The report confirmed that chandrakala was born to parvathaluand yellamma.

a false allegation of swapping of male child from the hospital
One Mr.Rajaiah lodged complaint with the police stating that his wife Smt. Rajeswari delivered a male child in the hospital at Godavaridhani, and that the hospital authorities showed a female child; and that his newly born son was swapped.
The couple and the child were sent to FSL for DNA tests to determine the biological parenthood.
The DNA tests proved that they are the biological parents of the female child only, there by proving that his allegation against hospital authorities was false one.
In a case from Nalgonda, the victim a pregnant lady committed suicide,
because the accused disowned her pregnancy and hence did not marry her.
During post-mortem, the tissue of the foetus was preserved and sent for DNA tests.
The blood sample of the accused was collected and the DNA was matched with DNA sample from the tissue of foetus.
It is proved that he was the biological father.

In a case of murder wherein husband killed his wife and falsely implicated three other persons.
He caused injuries to himself and created a scene as if he was injured during the struggle. All the exhibits were sent for DNA examination .
The blood scrapings from the victims nails, the knife with which the husband caused injuries to himself and the blood sample of the accused, all samples were showing the same DNA pattern.

The murder of Mr.B.R.Seth, CE, S.C.R and his family.
Mr.B.R.Seth, his wife, his daughter and his son all were murdered and burnt in a car, by their servant. Their identity was also lost.
The muscle tissues, blood stains found at their house, blood stains recovered from the house of accused, all were sent to FSL for their identification.
The live daughter of Mr.Seth and parents of Mrs.Seth and one accused person all were directed to FSL for giving their blood samples for comparison.
The deceased family members were identified, the involvement ofl the accused person in the incident was established through DNA tests.

In another case at Nalgonda, a person was burnt alive in a car.
The car and dead body were burnt. The dead body was suspected to be of either one Mr.Guntur Ramarao or Mr. Rajaki Ramulu Naik.
The viscera samples of the deceased were recovered and sent to FSL for identification. Two brothers of Mr. Guntur Rama Rao and parents of Mr.Janaki Ramulu Naik were directed to FSL for giving their blood samples to establish the identity of the deceased.
The DNA analysis conclusively proved that the deceased person was Mr.Janaki Ramulu Naik. The other person Mr.Guntur Ramarao,m a business man, killed Mr. Nayak, burnt him along with the car to rule out the identity of the deceased, and absconded for a longtime, giving an image that he himself was the victim.
All this was done for monetary benefit. But finally DNA tests proved the identity of the actual deceased.

In a case, vemireddy madhusudanreddy committed rape
on smt. Sunita,w/o venkat reddy and killed her due to sexual jealousy by beating her and making her consume poison forcibly.
He was brought to FSL for collection of his blood sample for DNA tests.
The DNA tests proved that the DNA in seminal stains on the petticoat of the victim matched with DNA profile of the accused’s blood and proved his involvement in the said act.

BRITISH EMBASSY CASE- IDENTITY OF MISSING BRITISH NATIONALS:
During Gujarat riots four persons while traveling in a car were attacked and burnt by a mob.
One person died, another escaped while the other two were missing.
For the identity of the missing persons the burnt bones found at the scene were sent for DNA examination along with the suspected deceased mothers blood samples.
From the burnt bones only one bone yielded DNA and helped in identifying one of the deceased persons.

REUNION OF MISSING CHILD WITH ORIGINAL PARENTS:
In a case of paternity a boy from Muslim family staying at Krishna district was sent to Hyderabad to stay under the care of his uncle.
Due to the ill-treatment by his uncle the child left home. An auto-driver found the child and admitted him in a hostel at Nalgonda.
Another Hindu couple residing at Hyderabad, who also had lost their child brought him home from the hostel and claimed him to be their’s.
Both the couples claiming for the child filed la case and it was referred to FSL for identifying the parents of the child.
The DNA tests revealed that the child belonged to the muslim couple.
Thus the DNA tests reunited the child with the original parents.

CHILD SWAPPING: DNA TESTS PROVED ALLEGATIONS WRONG:
A couple K.Padma and Sailu; and their family members alleged that Padma’s baby boy was swapped for a girl within hours of delivery at the Koti Government Maternity Hospital.
The baby girl and the couple were sent to APFSL for DNA tests.
The tests proved that the couple’s contention was wrong and that the female child was theirs.

GANG RAPE CASE:
In a case from Mahaboobnagar district a woman was gang raped by two persons.
The seminal stains on the garments of the victim and blood samples of both suspects were subjected to DNA fingerprinting.
The DNA fingerprinting profile of both the persons and DNA of seminal stains tallied clearly linking both the subjects to the crime.

brain fingerprinting and p300 by sharada avadhanam

• Sharada Avadhanam, ADFS APPA, HYDERABAD, INDIA.

• BRAIN FP - MERMER


• MERMER
Making Waves

• Crime Information Absent

•
• Crime Information Present
•
• MERMER
THE TRUTH SHALL SET YOU FREE
• Brain Fingerprinting testing works as follows:
• Words or pictures relevant to a crime are flashed on a computer screen, along with other irrelevant words or pictures.
• Electrical Brain responses are measured non-invasively through a patented headband equipped with sensors.
• Lawrence Farwell had discovered that a scientific brain-wave response called a MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response) is elicited when the brain processes noteworthy information it recognizes.
• Thus, when details of the crime that only the perpetrator would know are presented, a MERMER is emitted by the brain of a perpetrator, but not by the brain of an innocent suspect. In Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a computer analyzes the brain response to detect the MERMER, and thus determines scientifically whether the specific crime-relevant information is stored in the brain of the suspect.

Brain finger printing
• The new successor technology to lie detector
• No effort by guilty to cover-up
• No effort by IO to fix the innocent
• Objective evidence from the deep recesses of the brain
• P300/MERMER test measures memory of brain with help of EEG electro encephalogram

Premise of the test
• The memory of any individual is unique like a fingerprint and so the graph produced in the technique is also unique
• the accused will be shown picture of crime weapon victim
• Brain stimuli recorded analyzed and link to crime detected


• ENCODING
• During experience, visual, verbal, and other forms of information of the event are acquired (classified) and etched into the brain.

• The relationships are auditory, semantic, visual, and somatosensory, with emotional components
• Mixed in.

• The encoded information is stored as memory trace.

• Brain finger printing :Farwell
• It works by measuring a person’s brain activity from their reactions to seeing details about a crime flashed on screen
• When a person recognizes these details because of having been there and committing the act we get a particular brain wave that we can determine, measure and detect with a computer.
• So far Brain Finger Printing has been proven accurate in more than 170 tests by Brain Finger Printing Laboratories Inc, USA.
• India:Khan in Telgi scam subjected to test to find out links with Telgi
• Trying to extract information about officials who accompanied Khan during his visit to Maharashtra to bribe Assistant Inspector Dilip kamat
• Brain FP
• As with other scientific evidence, brain FP test does not prove guilt or innocence per se
• It provides information about what is stored in the suspect’s brain
• Judge can utilize this information in making the legal determination of the guilt or innocence
• The weight of the test evidence will be evaluated along with other evidence under consideration
• Admission in court is a landmark for FS
• Innocents have a new technology to aid them

• INFORMATION PROCESSING

• Experts view/ Daubert criteria
• Wide spread consensus that the science behind
• is excellent and thoroughly tested,
• peer reviewed,
• published in the best journals,
• extremely accurate,
• generally accepted in the scientific community
• Difference between Brain FP/ polygraph
• The difference is substantial
• Poly graph is lie detection device, attempts to detect deception in response to probing questions by measuring sweat on the palm
• Which may be caused by a lie or other causes as well
• Brain FP allows to determine whether certain specific information is stored in the brain
• Regardless of whether or not the subject is lying
• Both are founded on totally different fields of science

• Brain FP vs polygraph
• Brain FP is cognitive psycho physiology I.e measurement of information processing activity in the brain
• Polygraph measures emotion driven autonomic response
• POLYGRAPH IS USED as general screening when the IO does not know specifically what he is looking for
• Brain FP in criminal investigation and for specific screening
• IO knows the specific details of crime or specific trend under investigation

• MERMER IMPROVES P300
• A specific type of electrical brain wave called p300 which activates when a person sees a familiar object
• If a murder suspect is claiming an alibi then p300 not active when shown murder weapon
• The MERMER, a longer and more complex response than the P300, comprises a P300 response, which is electrical events occurring 300 to 800 milliseconds after the stimulus, and additional data occurring more than 800 milliseconds after the stimulus. While a P300 shows only a peak electrical response, a MERMER has both a peak and a valley.
• DAUBERT CRITERIA
• Has the science been tested?
• Has the science been peer reviewed and published?
• Is the science accurate?
• Is the science well accepted in the scientific community?
• P300 science that has been extensively researched and is well accepted in the scientific community.
• the MERMER, does not yet have the same level of acceptance as the P300.
• Telgi undergoes p300 test
• Telgi’s brain mapping by Dr Malini Bangalore
• On whether he paid money to Chhagan Bhujbal, Dy CM
• Tested positive
• Submitted to MCOCA court pune by SIT as supportive evidence to third charge sheet
• Report
• Findings are indicative of possession of knowledge about the activities by telgi
• Brain activation during preparation processing while evoking primary encoding indicates active participation by telgi
• Three tests: lie detector, p 300 brain mapping and narco analysis
• Narco analysis has not evidentiary value but supportive role to evidence

• Brain mapping
• Done in two stages, a pretest interview followed by EEG on 32 channel EEG/ECP neuro scan to invoke event related potential response ERP
• Used three types of words
• Neutral words
• Probe words
• Target words
• If telgi truthfully participated in the act suggested by the target words it would generate an ERP and no ERP when neutral words are presented
• ERP associated with probes suggests information in the individual which was acquired by direct participation only in the act or event
• Words
• Target words:
• payment to RS Sharma; Sharma's favour in Pune cases;
• payment of 75 lakh to Dilip Kamat; payment to Mumbai police officers Sridhar Vagal and Pradeep Savant;
• connection with SM Mushrif in Pune; facilities provided in Mumbai custody by Sharma; threat by Roshan Baig;
• possessing of mobile phone in the cell; payment made to Bhujbal; payment made to Krishna Yadav

• Results/ report
• Telgi showed signs of acknowledging payment to RS Sharma which he also admitted in the pre-test and subsequent narco test ,.
• Payment to Vagal and Savant was denied in pre test but agreed in subsequent narco test.
• Pre test produced agreement in payment to Dilip Kamat
• High level of activation to the words reflecting threat made by Karnataka minister Roshan Baig while in central jail Bangalore which was not revealed in pre test but admitted under trance

• DR. FARWELL:
• If he committed the crime, then his brain says,
• "Ah ha! I recognize that."
• We get a brain wave response indicating recognition,
• we get a MERMER, and
• that way we can tell that this is the person
• who committed the crime.
• What if the fellow was a witness to a crime and
he saw all of these things happen,
but he was not the criminal?

• DR. FARWELL: Well, then we would not be able to apply this technology.
• It is the same as if, for example, someone might be present at a crime scene and leave his fingerprints there,
• but because he was there for some other purpose.
• In a case where there are two people at a crime scene and only one committed the crime,
Brain Fingerprinting testing can narrow the search down to the two suspects.
• It cannot be used to distinguish why a person was at the crime scene.
• Like DNA and fingerprinting, Brain Fingerprinting testing matches evidence at a crime scene with evidence on the person of the perpetrator or suspect.
• It can place a person at the crime scene or exonerate someone who was not there.
• If specific information is available about the planning or execution of a crime that a witness would not know, then Brain Fptesting may be able to distinguish between a witness and a perpetrator.
• Harrington case
• On a June morning back in 1977, retired Police Captain John Schweer was found shot to death on the railroad tracks in Council Bluffs, Iowa.
• Schweer had been working as a night watchman guarding several car dealerships in the area.
• After a four month search, 16 year old Terry Harrington was arrested and eventually convicted of the murder.
• 16 yr old Terry Harrington convicted of murder of policeman in 1977
•
16 yr old Terry Harrington convicted of murder of policeman in 1977 Today,

• Since the day of his arrest, Harrington has maintained his innocence.
• Harrington has filed several appeals in his case all were rejected
• On hearing about brain fingerprinting he decided to file a new appeal and contacted Dr Farwell.
• State's case rested on the testimony of this man
• Kevin Hughes who claimed to have gone with Harrington to steal a car on night of murder

• HARRINGTON: I was not in Council Bluffs that night. He knew it.
• he testified that
• he saw you go into the car lot
• in order to steal a car, and
• that he heard a shot, and
• then he saw you running
• from the crime scene
• with a gun.
• I had a concrete alibi
• On the night of the murder, Terry Harrington says that
• he was here in north Omaha, some 20 miles away from the crime scene.
• At the time, this was an amusement park and Harrington and a few friends were here attending an outdoor concert that ended after midnight.
• Several witnesses, among them Harrington's high school football coach, testified under oath that that night they saw Harrington at the concert.
• And when the concert ended, Harrington says he and his friends got something to eat, drove around awhile, and then they went home.
• To determine where Harrington actually was on the night of the murder 23 years ago,
Farwell tested him on specific details about his alibi and about the crime.
• Kevin Hughes testified at the trial, and Harrington heard this, that he saw
• Harrington and another perpetrator running out from behind a building.
• Now I asked Harrington, "Do you know what was behind that building?"
• He said, "No."
• I said, "So you don't know what's behind there?"
• He said, "No, I have no idea what's behind there."
• Behind that building…
• was a field which was overgrown with grass and weeds that were about waist-high.
• After the shooting, police say that Harrington ran across that field to get to his car.
• At 3:00 in the morning, getting away from a crime scene, if you were being impeded by waist-high weeds and grass is something you would notice.
• So on Harrington's test
• the phrase "weeds and grass" flashed repeatedly on the screen,
• as did phrases describing other details of the crime
• which, if Harrington recognized them,
• would prove that he killed John Schweer.
• But he did not recognize them
• Result: DR. FARWELL: My professional opinion is that Harrington did not commit that crime.
• The result was that we can determine with a 99.99% confidence that
• the information relevant to the crime was not stored in Harrington's brain, and
• with that same level of confidence,
• that the information regarding his alibi WAS stored in his brain.
• Brain Fingerprinting testing also helped to bring serial killer J. B. Grinder to justice fifteen years after the commission of the crime.
• The Brain Fingerprinting test administered to Grinder found that the specific details of the crime were recorded in his brain as “information present,” with a statistical confidence level of 99.9%.
• This means that the record stored in Grinder’s brain matched the details of the crime scene of the murder of Julie Helton.
• Following the test results, Grinder faced an almost certain conviction and probable death sentence.
• Grinder pled guilty to the rape and murder of Julie Helton in exchange for a life sentence without parole.
• He is currently serving that sentence.
• In addition, Grinder then confessed to the unsolved murders of several other young women.
• state had a strong case against James B. Grinder, 53,
• in the Jan.7, 1984, abduction, rape and murder of Julie Helton, a 25-year-old Marceline, Mo., woman who worked at a book-publishing company. Her badly beaten body was discovered four days after the murder near a railroad track in Macon, the county seat of Macon County.
• Grinder, a wood-cutter who had lived in Arkansas before moving to Macon a few years before the crime, has been "a suspect for years,"
• Grinder …
• Grinder, a wood-cutter who had lived in Arkansas before moving to Macon a few years before the crime, has been "a suspect for years,"
• Grinder and Swank were arrested in March 1998 when Grinder was released from prison, where he had served time on an unrelated charge. Granger had confessed his involvement, but authorities wanted to make sure "we had the right guy,"
• On Aug.5, Farwell tested Grinder's brain
for a memory of the 15-year-old murder.
• "There is no question that J.B. Grinder raped and murdered Julie Helton," Farwell said after the test. "The significant details of the crime are stored in his brain."
• For investigators Brain Fingerprinting testing provided a measure of reassurance.
• "I think she was planning on pleading guilty, but the test confirmed to us that we had the right guy," said Dawson. "He told us prior to testing he had committed the crime, but we were trying to verify that."
• On Aug. 11,
• 6 days after crime-scene specific messages were flashed before him, Grinder pleaded guilty to first-degree murder in 44th Judicial Circuit Court.
• He was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, and was immediately transported to Arkansas, where he is a suspect in the murders of three other young women
• Grinder had confessed to authorities,
• but "the difficulty was this suspect had told many different stories many different times," Farwell said. "At times, he had actually confessed, but he later testified and contradicted himself.
• "What his brain said was that he was guilty," the Fairfield scientists said. "He had critical, detailed information only the killer would have. The murder of Julie Helton was stored in his brain, and had been stored there 15 years ago when he committed the murder."
• Grinder hit by brain fp
• What I did in the J.B. Grinder case is to prove the technology can detect the record of a crime stored years ago in the brain of the suspect."
• "We can use this technology to put serial killers like J.B. Grinder in prison where they belong,"
• "Now, if we have information about a crime and we have a suspect, we can determine scientifically whether that incriminating information is stored in that brain or not,"
• In a murder case the visuals are
• The murder weapon
• The way the person was killed
• Where the body was found
• Some items which were taken from the individual, from the victim
• Items that were left near the crime scene.
• Specific details about he crime which would be stored in the brain of the perpetrator of that particular crime.

• FBI designed a study
• distinguish between agents versus those who were not
• (17 agents, 3 non-agents)
• agents were asked to deceive
• shown a series of words, phrases and acronyms that would be familiar only to agents
• The results 100% accuracy
• the 17 agents and 3 non-agents.
• FBI STUDY
• study by U.S. Navy
• a list of acronyms was used to differentiate
• military medical students from civilian.
• Brain Fingerprinting proved 100% accurate."
• a U.S. intelligence agency
• proved 100% accurate in
• detecting individuals possessing information in regards to mock crimes relating to espionage scenarios.
• Words and phrases were also used as stimuli in real life events, including two felonies.
• Alexantria Police Department, one of its officers was accused of multiple felony counts concerning a prescription drug ring.
• The accuser, a suspect who confessed in the case, provided details of the officers' involvement in the crime.
• The officer denied criminal involvement.
• both the suspect and the officer passed the polygraph, there were contradictory accounts of the events.
• The officer took brain fp test
• relevant and irrelevant words picture phrases
• to the crime in question,
• meeting places, vehicles used, buildings that the transactions were to have taken place, sums of money, etc.
• the Brain Fp cleared the officer of any wrongdoing.
• Benefits to Law Enforcement
• Identify criminals quickly and scientifically.
• Exonerate the innocent.
• Provide investigators and accused with an instant result.
• Identify terrorists, members of gangs, criminal and intelligence information.
• Discover criminal espionage and terrorist plots.
• Provide cost effective approaches to investigations.
• Identify accomplices.
• Decrease the number of suspects that escape justice due to lack of evidence of witnesses.

• Brain Fingerprinting could be used to answer the following questions
• Is a suspect connected to a crime?
• Did a serial criminal commit the crimes?
• Was a stock broker involved in insider trading?
• Did a husband kill his wife?
• It could also be used in internal affairs investigations or in the hiring of police candidates.

• Brain Fingerprinting testing admitted as evidence
• On March 5, 2002 Pottawattamie County District Court Judge Tim O'Grady ruled that Brain Fingerprinting testing is admissible in court.
• Brain Fingerprinting testing is a technological breakthrough that will have a profound impact on the criminal justice system.
• The Iowa Supreme Court left undisturbed the law of the case establishing the admissibility of the Brain Fingerprinting evidence
• The Court’s decision was based on a review of the test in light of the admissibility criteria in the US Supreme Court Decision Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Iowa Supreme Court has reversed the murder conviction of Terry Harrington and ordered a new trial,
• , the court found that police had failed to give Harrington’s defense lawyers eight separate police reports that could have cast doubt on testimony that linked him to the murder of a Council Bluffs night watchman in 1978.
• The suppressed reports were first brought to light in 2001 as Harrington prepared to take a “Brain Fingerprinting” test to establish his innocence.
• Dr. William Iacono at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Iacono is a Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience
• it'll be used more for exoneration than for nailing a suspect?
• that's probably going to be where its usefulness is going to be most successful.
• What we have proven scientifically is that the record in Harrington's brain does not match the crime, and does match the alibi.
• Now the only reasonable interpretation for that scientific fact, in my professional opinion, is that
• Harrington was not at the scene of the crime on the night of the murder.
• How accurate is Brain Fingerprinting testing?
• Brain Fingerprinting testing has proven to be highly accurate in over 175 tests,
• which included actual criminal cases, tests on FBI agents and tests on military medical experts.
• In all but six of these cases, the system produced a determination of either "information present" or "information absent."
• 100% of these determinations were correct.
• In six cases, insufficient information was available and no determination was made.
• What if a suspect read about the crime in the newspaper?
• A suspect is tested for details of the crime that only the perpetrator and investigators would know, but that have not been publicly released
• What if an innocent suspect knows many details about the crime from the trial or interrogations, or if the police told a suspect details about the crime during interrogation?
• In cases where the suspect has already been tried and convicted, the suspect knows many of the details of the crime from the trial, whether he is innocent or guilty. In such a case, details about the crime that have not been presented in court and that an innocent suspect would not know need to be identified. In some cases this involves considerable investigation.
• Information can be obtained from
• court documents,
• police reports,
• alleged witnesses,
• crime scene photos and
• the crime scene itself.
• Often, as in the Terry Harrington case, in which there had been several appeals in addition to the original trial,
• In what kinds of cases does Brain Fingerprinting testing not apply?
• in a disappearance, all the authorities may know is that someone disappeared. They may not know if any crime has been committed.
• Another situation where Brain Fingerprinting testing is not applicable is when everyone agrees on what happened, but there is disagreement as to the intent of the parties.
• For example, in a sexual assault case the alleged victim and the alleged perpetrator may agree exactly on what happened, but disagree on whether or not it was consensual.
• Where in the criminal justice system does Brain Fingerprinting testing apply?
• Brain Fingerprinting testing solves major problems in both pre- and post conviction areas and can be a great asset to both prosecutors and defense attorneys.
• Of those who are imprisoned, an estimated 10% to 40 % are innocent.
• governments spend over $150 billion annually on crime. This does not include the costs to victims, innocent suspects and to society.
• It provides an accurate and reliable process to conduct criminal investigations without invasive procedures and biases. It can be used to convict the guilty, exonerate the innocent, and narrow a list of suspects.
• Brain Fingerprinting testing can address many of these critical areas, helping to identify the guilty and exonerate the innocent.
• Crimes often go unsolved and unpunished because
• the authorities cannot accurately determine if a suspect has knowledge about the details of a crime that only the perpetrator would know.
• In the absence of fingerprints or DNA evidence the criminal justice system often does not have scientific methods of identifying those involved in crimes.
• Circumstantial evidence is often not sufficient to convict a suspect or even to prosecute a case.
• Brain Fingerprinting testing can determine if a suspect has detailed, specific knowledge of a crime and provide scientific evidence where none existed previously
• Concerns
• Suggestibility may present a legitimate concern. If a suspect observes evidence on television, how will that influence his/her response? Dr. Richardson noted "it is vital for investigators to gather and protect that information." Dr. Hernandez concurred. She stated that "some information must not be released to the press.“ investigators should be cognizant of evidence that would not normally appear relevant at a crime scene.
• How does alcohol and/or drugs affect memory and how will this affect Brain Fingerprinting?
• Since many offenders are under the influence of drugs/alcohol at the time they commit their crimes, how does this affect their memory of the event? Farewell stated that while distortion may occur if a subject was under the influence of drugs or alcohol, most people remember events, even if intoxicated. Experts are unclear as to the effects drugs and alcohol may play on Brain Fingerprinting
• How would head trauma affect Brainfingerprinting?
• As with drugs and alcohol, this remains open for debate.

• legal issue is the manner in which the test is administered
• Does a suspect have a right to refuse? Should the test be voluntarily, similar to that of the polygraph? Should a suspect submit to testing without a warrant (Schmerber v. California), similar to an officer requesting blood?)
• Some attorneys believe that Brain Fingerprinting should be treated as a Fourth Amendment search and seizure issue as opposed to a self-incrimination (Fifth Amendment) issue. That is, mandatory compliance should prevail.
• it is best not to force a subject to take the test. As long as the subject looks at the screen, it does not matter whether he pushes the button; the computer will have already recorded a "hit" (MERMER present) or "miss" (MERMER not present).

latst methods on forensic science by sharada avadhanam

sharada avadhanam
Welcome
To
A Talk on Scientific Methods Of Interrogation in Extracting Truth from Suspects
introduction to lying concealing deception of information

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH DECEPTION:

IN ENDEAVORING TO CONCEAL THE TRUTH, HAVE WE NOT ON OCCASIONS FELT;
(i) INCREASE IN THE HEART BEAT
(ii) THE RUSH OF BLOOD TO THE FACE
(iii) LOOKING SIDEWAYS
(iv) A FAILURE TO LOOK THE INQUIRER “STRAIGHT INTO THE EYES”
(v) A PECULIAR MONOTONE OF THE VOICE, A “FORCED LAUGH”
(vi) INCREASED SWEATING ON THE EXTREMITIES AND MANY MORE.

HAVE WE NOT ALSO EXPERIENCED A SIGH OF RELIEF --- ORDINARILY MANIFESTED BY HEAVIER BREATHING --- AFTER THE LIE HAS BEEN TOLD WITH APPARENT SUCCESS.
FEAR AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: PREPARES FOR THE FLIGHT, FIGHT OR FREEZE, BY CAUSING THE ADRENAL GLANDS TO SECRETE THE HORMONES EPINEPHNRINE AND NOR EPINEPHRINE.
AMYGDALA: THE FEAR AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY IS ASSOCIATED TO THIS KEY STRUCTURE CALLED THE AMYGDALA. IT CONTROLS THE HEART RATE, SWEATING OF THE PALMS AND BEHAVIOURS LIKE F3.

METHODS TO DETECT THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION:
THE POLYGRAPH OR THE LIE-DETECTOR TEST
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING OR THE P300 TEST
NARCO-ANALYSIS OR THE TRUTH SERUM TEST
VOICE STRESS ANALYSER
FUNCTIONAL MRI (f-MRI)
THERMAL IMAGING
Theory of Polygraph Test

Psychological Set Theory
The psychological set theory holds that when a person being examined fears punishment or anticipates serious consequences should he or she fail to deceive, such fear or anticipation produces a measurable physiological reaction (e.g., elevation of pulse, respiration, or blood pressure, or electro dermal activity) if the person answers deceptively.

Conflict Theory
According to the theory of conflict , two incompatible reaction tendencies aroused at the same time produce a large physiological reaction that is greater than the reaction to either alone.

Conditioned Response Theory
The conditioned response theory holds that the relevant questions play the role of conditioned stimuli and evoke in deceptive individuals an emotional (and concomitant physiological) response with which lying has been associated.


Polygraph
THE INSTRUMENT, THE TEST, AND THE EXAMINATION
The polygraph instrument comprises of:

Pneumatic belts (positioned around the upper chest and abdomen),
Sphygmomanometer cuff (placed on the subjects arm), and
Electrodes (attached to the fingertips).

The polygraph examination includes a series of questions to which the subject responds, and these physiological responses are scored.

Polygraph testing involves:

The pretest interview,
Recording the changes in physiological measurements like respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal response.
The post test interview


LAFAYETTE POLYGRAPH 1945

The Polygraph examination Polygraph Chart

BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
Brain Fingerprinting Testing
IT’S A SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS STORED IN AN INDIVIDUALS BRAIN.

THEORY:
BRAIN IS AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
THINKING,IMAGINATION, RECOGNITION, SENSING, FEELING, ETC PRODUCES CHANGES IN YOUR BRAIN’ S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY (COMMUNICATION OF THE NEURONS).
THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IS STUDIED IN THE FORM OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (EEG-ERP) WHICH IN SHORT ARE REFERRED AS BRAINWAVES.
BRAINWAVES REFLECT MEMORY. BRAINWAVES LOOK DIFFERENT FOR A FAMILIAR IMAGE Vs UNFAMILIAR IMAGE.

WHICH BRAINWAVE IS INVOLVED
THE SYSTEM USES THE ERP P300.
P300 IS THE MOST THOROUGHLY STUDIED BRAINWAVES IN LITERATURE.
ERP’s’ ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO WHETHER THEY ARE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHANGE IN VOLTAGE(EITHER POR N),FOLLOWED BY THE DELAY BETWEEN WHEN THE STIMULUS IS PRESENTED AND THE PEAK OF THE RESULTING BRAINWAVE.



P300: IT’S A POSITIVE SHIFT IN VOLTAGE WHICH TYPICALLY PEAKS 300MS AFTER AN IMAGE IS PRESENTED.

WHAT IS INVOLVED IN SETTING UP A BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TEST

UTILIZING INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THE INVESTIGATIONS.
E.g. ENTRY AND EXIT POINTS
WHAT TYPE OF WEAPON
INJURIES INFLICTED
MINUTE DETAILS AT THE CRIME SCENE ETC.
FROM THIS INFORMATION THE ACTUAL TEST IS CONDUCTED WHICH INCLUDES TARGETS,PROBES AND IRRELEVANT STIMULI.

WHAT CONSTITUES PROBES, TARGETS, IRRELEVANT STIMULI

IRRELEVANT STIMULI: INFORMATION THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE CRIME
TARGET STIMULI: INFORMATION KNOWN TO THE SUSPECT ABOUT THIS CRIME
PROBE: INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE CRIME THAT THE SUSPECT CLAIMS TO HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE OF.


WHAT DOES THE BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TEST DETERMINE
THE TEST DETERMINES SCIENTIFICALLY WHETHER OR NOT SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS STORED IN THE BRAIN.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLYGRAPHY AND BRAIN FINGERPRINTING

POLYGRAPH IS A LIE DETECTION DEVICE. IT DETECTS DECEPTION IN RESPONSE TO PROBING QUESTIONS, BY MEASURING THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WITHIN THE BODY. THE POLYGRAPH MEASURES THE EMOTION DRIVEN AUTONOMIC RESPONSES.

BRAIN FINGERPRINTING, IN CONTRAST ALLOWS AN INVESTIGATOR TO DETERMINE WHETHER CERTAIN SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS STORED IN AN INDIVIDUALS BRAIN. IT CANNOT BE USED IN CASES WHERE THE INVESTIGATOR HAS TO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROBE STIMULI.


NARCO-ANALYSIS OR THE TRUTH SERUM

THIS IS A DRUG INDUCED HYPNOSIS
SODIUM PENTATHOL / SODIUM AMITAL ARE USED TO BRING THE SUBJECT INTO HYPNOTIC TRANCE STAGE
THIS TEST IS CONDUCTED BY A TEAM OF PERSONS;

STAGES INVOLVED:

THE AWAKE STAGE
THE HYPNOTIC STAGE --- REQUIRED FOR THE PROBING
DREAMS
ANAESTHETIC STAGE

THE ASSUMPTION IS THAT UNDER THE 2ND STAGE THE INHIBITIONS ARE NOT SEEN. IT CAUSES WEEKEND DEFENCE MECHANISMS WHICH ALLOWS THE INVESTIGATING OFFICER TO EXTRACT MAXIMUM INFORMATION ABOUT THE CRIME UNDER EXAMINATION.
THE TEST HAS TO BE ADMINISTERED IN AN OPERATION THEATRE WHICH IS FULLY EQUIPED WITH ALL THE MAJOR EQUIPMENTS NECESSARY FOR CONDUCTING A MAJOR SURGERY.
THE WHOLE PROCESS IS VIDEOGRAPHED


NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION GUIDELINES RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LIE DETECTION TESTS

NO LIE DETECTOR TESTS SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED EXCEPT ON THE BASIS OF THE CONSENT OF THE ACCUSED. AN OPTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE ACCUSED WHETHER HE WISHES TO AVAIL SUCH TEST.
IF THE ACCUSED VOLUNTEERS FOR A LIE DETECTOR TEST HE SHOULD BE GIVEN ACCESS TO A LAWYER AND THE PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATION OF SUCH A TEST SHOULD BE EXPLAINED TO HIM BY THE POLICE AND HIS LAWYER.
THE CONSENT SHOULD BE RECORED BEFORE A JUDICIAL MAGISTRATE.
DURING THE HEARING BEFORE THE MAGISTRATE THE PERSON ALLEGED TO HAVE AGREED SHOULD BE DULY REPRESENTED BY A LAWYER.
AT THE HEARING, THE PERSON IN QUESTION SHOULD ALSO BE TOLD IN CLEAR TERMS THAT THE STATEMENT THAT IS MADE SHALL NOT BE A CONFESSIONAL STATEMENT TO THE MAGISTRATE BUT WILL HAVE THE STATUS OF A STATEMENT MADE TO THE POLICE.
THE MAGISTRATE SHALL CONSIDER ALL THE FACTORS RELATING TO THE DETENTION INCLUDING THE LENGTH OF DETENTION AND THE NATURE OF THE INTERROGATION.
THE ACTUAL RECORDING OF THE LIE DETECTOR TEST SHALL BE DONE IN AN INDEPENDENT AGENCY SUCH AS A HOSPITAL AND CONDUCTED IN THE PRESENCE OF A LAWYER.
A FULL MEDICAL AND FACTUAL NARRATION OF MANNER OF THE INFORMATION RECEIVED MUST BE TAKEN ON RECORD.

BOMBAY HIGH COURt criminal PETITION:
RAMCHANDRA RAM REDDY AND OTHERS VS STATE OF MAHARASTRA/JUDGMENT PRONUNCED BY JUSTICE PALSHIKAR OF BOMBAY HIGH COURT oFENCES: OFFENES UNDER IPC AND THOSE CONTAINED IN THE MAHARASTRA CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIMES ACT (MCOCA)CONTENTION OF THE PETITIONERS:
administration of THESE TESTS (POLYGRAPH, BRAINFINGERPRINTING, NARCO-ANALYSIS) WOULD VIOLATE THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT GUARANTEED BY THE ARTICLE 20 (3) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

ALL THESE TESTS INVOLVE EITHER CONTACT WITH THE BODY OR INVASION OF THE BODY, THEREFORE THERE IS ELEMENT OF USER OF BODY. IF IT IS COMPULSORY, IT WOULD VIOLATE THE PROTECTION GIVEN UNDER ARTICLE 20 (3).
THESE TESTS COMPEL THE PERSONS TO BE WITNESSES AGAINST THEMSELVES.

ARTICLE 20:

CLAUSE 1: PROTECTS IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES.
CLAUSE 2: PROTECTS A PERSON FROM BEING PROSECUTED AND PUNISHED FOR THE SAME OFFENCE MORE THAN ONCE.
CLAUSE 3: PROTECTS A PERSON OR ACCUSED FROM BEING COMPELLED TO BE A wITNESS AGAINST HIM.

IN REGARD TO THE CONTENTION:

THE PROTECTION GUARANTEED BY THE CLAUSE (3) OF THE ARTICLE 20 BEGINS WHEN THE COMPULSION IS USED OR THE ACCUSED IS COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF. AS LONG AS HE IS NOT COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS, AS LONG AS THE STATEMENT SOUGHT FROM THE WITNESS OR THE ACCUSED IS NOT BEING USED AGAINST THE WITNESS THE PROTECTION GIVEN BY CLAUSE (3) CANNOT BE AND DOES NOT COMMENCE.

THE COURT ALSO ANALYSED AS TO WHETHER THE RESULTS OF THESE TESTS ARE THE STATEMENTS OR TESTIMONY. AND WHETHER THESE STATEMENTS OR TESTIMONIES ARE COMPELLED FROM THE WITNESS AND IF SO COMPELLED AT WHAT STAGE USE THEREOF HAS TO BE STOPPED.

COURT ALSO LOOKED INTO THE FACT “WHAT IS THE PROTECTION IN CLAUSE 3:
(i) WHETHER IT WAS PROTECTION AGAINST COMPULSION TO ADMINISTER A TEST OR
(ii) WHETHER IT WAS PROTECTION AGAINST MAKING A STATEMENT OR
(iii) WHETHER IS IT PROTECTION AGAINST USER OF THE STATEMENT AS EVIDENCE.

WHAT IS BEING GRANTED AS PROTECTION IS FROM TESTIMONIAL COMPULSION. THAT IS THE STATEMENT MADE BY THE ACCUSED AGAINST HIMSELF.

FOR ARTICLE 20 (3) TO BE INVOKED A STATEMENT MUST BE COMPULSORILY MADE BY THE ACCUSED.

COURT HAS ALSO DEFINED THE TERMS STATEMENT AND TESTIMONY.

final conclusion:

COURT FINALLY CONCLUDED THAT THE END RESULT OF THIS TEST IS NOT THE STATEMENT MADE BY THE WITNESS. AT THE MOST IT CAN BE CALLED THE INFORMATION RECEIVED OR TAKEN OUT FROM THE WITNESS. IN OUR OPINION ADMINISTRATION OF THESE TESTS AGAINST THE WILL OF THE PERSON TO WHOM IT IS SOUGHT TO BE ADMINISTERED DOES NOT VIOLATE THE GUARANTEE OF ARTICLE 20(3) OF THE CONTITUTION OF INDIA.